Atık elektrik ve elektronik (AEE) işleme tesisleri kaynaklı atmosferik toz örneklerinde ağır metallerin belirlenmesi ve insan maruziyet risk değerlendirmesi
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Dosyalar
Tarih
2024
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Yayıncı
Bursa Teknik Üniversitesi, Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Teknolojinin hızla güncellenmesi ve elektronik sanayi pazarının sürekli genişlemesi sebebi ile elektronik atık (e-atık) günümüzde ciddi bir küresel sorun haline gelmiştir. Birleşmiş Milletler Çevre Programı dünyada her yıl 50 milyon tondan fazla e-atık üretildiğini tahmin etmektedir. Elektronik atık bünyesinde metaller, metaloidler, nadir elementler, ateşe mukavim kimyasalları ve diğer katkı maddelerini içeren plastikleri barındıran heterojen bir karışımdır. E-atık bünyesinde bulunan tehlikeli kimyasallar, özellikle e-atığın düzenli ve kontrollü bir şekilde geri dönüştürülmemesi/bertaraf edilememesi durumunda çevresel ortamlara karışabilir. İşçiler veya makineler tarafından yapılan demontaj, kırma gibi aktiviteler e-atık geri dönüşüm tesislerinde uygulanan en genel işlemlerdir. Söz konusu bu uygulamalar neticesinde, geri dönüşüm alanlarına ve tesisler etrafındaki çevresel ortamlara büyük büyük miktarda kirletici salınımı potansiyeli mevcuttur. E-atık bünyesinde bulunan kirleticiler kırma işlemi esnasında ilk önce e-atık bünyesindeki toza veya tesis içerisinde bulunan toza geçerler. Daha sonra, kirleticiler e-atık kırma alanlarından tüm tesise ve hatta tesisi çevreleyen tüm alanlara hava ve kuru/yaş çökelme mekanizmaları ile yayılırlar. Noktasal kaynağın kendisini çevreleyen alanlar için kirletici kaynak teşkil etmesine ve bu alanları kirletmesine "hale etkisi" denir. Mevcut tez çalışmasında, Türkiye'de Çevre Şehircilik ve İklim Değişikliği Bakanlığı ile yapılan görüşmeler sonucunda lisanslı geri dönüşüm tesisleri belirlenerek, tesislerde işlenen atık türleri baz alınmış (İstanbul, Kocaeli, Ankara, Kırıkkale, Manisa, Niğde, Bursa ve Eskişehir) toplam 8 ilde atık elektrikli ve elektronik dönüşüm tesisleri yakınlarında 28 noktada, pasif örnekleme tekniği kullanılarak ağır metal kirliliği incelenmiş ve insan maruziyeti belirlenmiştir. Çalışmanın temel hedefi elektronik atıkların geri dönüşümünden kaynaklı ağır metal kirlilik seviyelerini belirlemek, diğer ülkelerde belirlenen seviyelerle karşılaştırmak, literatür özeti araştırmak ve soluma yoluyla insan maruziyetinin değerlendirilmesidir. Diğer ülkelerde e-atık geri dönüşüm tesisleri kaynaklı kirletici salınımları ve bu tesislerin çevresel ortamlarda belirlenebilen belirli kirleticilerin mevcudiyetine katkısına dair çalışmalar mevcut olmakla birlikte, mevcut bilgilere göre, ülkemizde bu konuda herhangi bir çalışma bulunmamaktadır. Çalışma bölgesinde pasif örnekleme yöntemi ile ağır metal örneklemesi yapılmıştır. Atmosferik partiküllere tutunmuş halde bulunan ağır metal kirleticilerin belirlenmesi için örnekleme DD-PAS örnekleyiciler kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Örnekleme materyali olarak cam elyaf filtre kullanılmış ve sonuçlar ICP-MS cihazı kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Yapılan çalışma ülkemizde pasif örnekleme yöntemi kullanılarak, atık elektrikli ve elektronik ekipmanlar geri dönüşüm tesislerinin yakınlarında ağır metal kirliliğinin belirlenmesi ve maruziyetinin değerlendirilmesine yönelik ilk çalışma olup, gelecekte yapılacak çalışmalara altlık oluşturması açısından önem arzetmektedir.
Due to the rapid updating of technology and the constant expansion of the electronic industry market, electronic waste (e-waste) has become a serious global problem today. The United Nations Environment Program estimates that more than 50 million tons of e-waste is produced around the world every year. E-waste is a heterogeneous mixture containing plastics containing metals, metalloids, rare elements, fire-resistant chemicals and other additives. Hazardous chemicals contained in e-waste may enter the environment, especially if e-waste is not recycled/disposed of in a regular and controlled manner. Activities such as disassembly and breaking performed by workers or machines are the most common operations applied in e-waste recycling facilities. As a result of these practices, there is the potential to release large amounts of pollutants to recycling areas and the environmental environment around the facilities. During the crushing process, the pollutants contained in e-waste first pass into the dust within the e-waste or into the dust within the facility. Then, the contaminants spread from the e-waste crushing areas to the entire facility and even to all areas surrounding the facility via air and dry/wet sedimentation mechanisms. The fact that a point source constitutes a pollutant source for the areas surrounding it and pollutes these areas is called the "halo effect". In the current thesis study, licensed recycling facilities were determined as a result of negotiations with the Ministry of Environment and Urbanization in Turkey, and waste electrical and waste recycling facilities were collected in a total of 8 provinces (Istanbul, Kocaeli, Ankara, Kırıkkale, Manisa, Niğde, Bursa and Eskişehir) based on the waste types processed in the facilities. Heavy metal pollution was examined using passive sampling technique at 28 points near electronic conversion facilities and human exposure was determined. The main objective of the study is to determine the levels of heavy metal pollution resulting from the recycling of electronic waste, compare it with the levels determined in other countries, research the literature summary and evaluate human exposure through inhalation. Although there are studies on pollutant emissions from e-waste recycling facilities in other countries and the contribution of these facilities to the presence of certain pollutants that can be detected in environmental environments, according to available information, there are no studies on this subject in our country. Heavy metal sampling was carried out in the study area using the passive sampling method. Particulate matter sampling was performed using DD-PAS samplers to determine particulate phase and heavy metal pollutants. The sampling material was glass fiber filtered and the results were analyzed using the ICP-MS. The study conducted is the first study in our country to determine heavy metal pollution and evaluate exposure near waste electrical and electronic equipment recycling facilities using the passive sampling method, and it is important in terms of providing a basis for future studies.
Due to the rapid updating of technology and the constant expansion of the electronic industry market, electronic waste (e-waste) has become a serious global problem today. The United Nations Environment Program estimates that more than 50 million tons of e-waste is produced around the world every year. E-waste is a heterogeneous mixture containing plastics containing metals, metalloids, rare elements, fire-resistant chemicals and other additives. Hazardous chemicals contained in e-waste may enter the environment, especially if e-waste is not recycled/disposed of in a regular and controlled manner. Activities such as disassembly and breaking performed by workers or machines are the most common operations applied in e-waste recycling facilities. As a result of these practices, there is the potential to release large amounts of pollutants to recycling areas and the environmental environment around the facilities. During the crushing process, the pollutants contained in e-waste first pass into the dust within the e-waste or into the dust within the facility. Then, the contaminants spread from the e-waste crushing areas to the entire facility and even to all areas surrounding the facility via air and dry/wet sedimentation mechanisms. The fact that a point source constitutes a pollutant source for the areas surrounding it and pollutes these areas is called the "halo effect". In the current thesis study, licensed recycling facilities were determined as a result of negotiations with the Ministry of Environment and Urbanization in Turkey, and waste electrical and waste recycling facilities were collected in a total of 8 provinces (Istanbul, Kocaeli, Ankara, Kırıkkale, Manisa, Niğde, Bursa and Eskişehir) based on the waste types processed in the facilities. Heavy metal pollution was examined using passive sampling technique at 28 points near electronic conversion facilities and human exposure was determined. The main objective of the study is to determine the levels of heavy metal pollution resulting from the recycling of electronic waste, compare it with the levels determined in other countries, research the literature summary and evaluate human exposure through inhalation. Although there are studies on pollutant emissions from e-waste recycling facilities in other countries and the contribution of these facilities to the presence of certain pollutants that can be detected in environmental environments, according to available information, there are no studies on this subject in our country. Heavy metal sampling was carried out in the study area using the passive sampling method. Particulate matter sampling was performed using DD-PAS samplers to determine particulate phase and heavy metal pollutants. The sampling material was glass fiber filtered and the results were analyzed using the ICP-MS. The study conducted is the first study in our country to determine heavy metal pollution and evaluate exposure near waste electrical and electronic equipment recycling facilities using the passive sampling method, and it is important in terms of providing a basis for future studies.
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Ağır metaller, Atık elektrik-elektronik işleme tesisleri (AEEE tesisi), Hava, Kuru çökelme partikül, Heavy metals, Air, Dry sedimentation particulate, Waste electrical- electronic processing facilities (WEEE facility)
