Ulva lactuca ekstraktının lipozomal formülasyonunun antioksidan ve antibakteriyal özelliklerinin araştırılması
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Dosyalar
Tarih
2023
Yazarlar
Dergi Başlığı
Dergi ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayıncı
Bursa Teknik Üniversitesi, Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Deniz marulu olarak da bilenen Ulva lactuca (Ulvophyceae; Ulvaceae), kayalık ve sığ sularda gelişen, dünya üzerinde geniş yayılım gösteren bir yeşil makroalg türüdür. U. lactuca, alkaloid, flavonoid, tanen, steroid, saponin ve antrakinon gibi biyoaktif bileşikler içermekte ve antioksidan ve antimikrobiyal etkiler başta olmak üzere sağlık üzerinde birçok olumlu etkilere sahip olduğu bilinmektedir. Diğer yandan lipozomlar biyouyumlu, toksik etkisi olmayan ve biyobozunur özelliklere sahiptir ve farmasötik, gıda, kimya ve kozmetik alanlarında kullanılmaktadır. Uygulama alanına göre farklı kompozisyona ve fiziksel özelliklere sahip olmakla birlikte bir çok farklı hazırlama metodu vardır. Lipozomlar amfipatik yapıya sahip olmalarından dolayı hem hidrofobik hem de hidrofilik bileşikleri enkapsüle edebilir. Belirli bir salınım profiline bağlı olarak kontrollü salınım yapılabilir. Hedefe özgü ligandlarla modifiye edilebilme özelliklerine sahip olan lipozomlar hedef bölgeyle entegrasyonun artmasını sağlamaktadır. Ayrıca terapötik maddeyi vücut içerisinde metabolize olmaktan korumakta ve böylelikle terapötik maddelerin etkinliğinin artmasına sebep olmaktadır. Bu tez çalışmasında U. lactuca türünün Marmara (Bursa) ve Ege (İzmir) denizlerinden toplanan alg materyallerinin Bursa Teknik Üniversitesi ve Ege Üniversitesi'nde ekstraksiyonları yapıldı. Ekstraksiyon işlemi Etanol/Su (80/20 V/V) çözücüsüyle 40 °C sıcaklıkta ve oda sıcaklığında iki ayrı metot ile gerçekleştirildi. Elde edilen ekstre ve ekstre yüklü lipozomal formülasyonların antioksidan ve antibakteriyel özellikleri araştırıldı. Ekstre ve ekstre yüklü lipozomal formülasyonların antioksidan kapasitesinin anlaşılabilmesi için, total fenolik içerikleri (TPC) Folin Ciocioultiou yöntemi ile ve antioksidan aktivitesi DPPH radikal süpürme aktivitesi tayini ile araştırıldı. Folin Ciocioultiou metodu ile total fenolik içerik tayini sonuçlarına göre 100 µg/mL konsantrasyonda; Marmara ekstresinin TPC'si 5,306 mg GAE/g olarak hesaplanırken, Ege ekstresinin TPC'si ise 7,5 mg GAE/g olarak bulunmuştur. Marmara ve Ege ekstrelerinin EC50 değerleri sırasıyla 429,21 µg/mL ve 834,29 µg/mL olarak hesaplanırken bu değerler standart antioksidan askorbik asite kıyasla yaklaşık 30 ila 60 kat daha yüksektir. U. lactuca ekstresinin antibakteriyel etkisi için öncelikle disk difüzyon testi yapıldı. Ardından Minimum İnhibisyon Konsantrasyonu (MİK) ve Minimum Bakterisidal Konsantrasyonu (MBK) testleri ile antibakteriyel aktiviteleri değerlendirildi. Disk difüzyon testinde her bir ekstre ve ekstre yüklü lipozom için 8 mm inhibisyon çapı belirlenirken, MİK testinde U. lactuca Marmara ve Ege ekstrelerinin lipozomal formülasyonları E.coli ATCC 25922'ye karşı MİK değeri 1250 µg/mL olarak belirlendi. Her iki örneğin de S. aureus ATCC 25923'e karşı daha etkisiz olduğu bulundu ve MİK değerleri 2500 µg/mL idi. MİK testinde, ekstre yüklü lipozomların antibakteriyel etkisinin ekstrelere kıyasla daha yüksek olduğu bulundu. MBK değerlerine ise, MİK değerlerinden daha yüksek konsantrasyonlarda ulaşılabileceği sonucuna varıldı.
Ulva lactuca (Ulvophyceae; Ulvaceae), also known as sea lettuce, is a green macroalgae species that grows in rocky and shallow waters and spreads widely around the world. U. lactuca contains bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, saponins and anthraquinones and is known to have many positive effects on health, including antioxidant and antimicrobial effects. On the other hand, liposomes have biocompatible, non-toxic and biodegradable properties. Liposomes are used in the pharmaceutical, food, chemistry and cosmetic industries. Although it has different composition and physical properties according to the application area, there are many different preparation methods. Because of their amphipathic nature, liposomes can encapsulate both hydrophobic and hydrophilic compounds. Depending on a particular release profile, controlled release can be made. Liposomes, which have the ability to be modified with target-specific ligands, increase the integration with the target region. In addition, it protects the therapeutic agent from the metabolism system in the body, thus increasing the effectiveness of the therapeutic agent. In this thesis study, algae materials of U. lactuca collected from Marmara (Bursa) and Aegean (İzmir) seas were extracted at Bursa Technical University and Ege University. Extraction was carried out with Ethanol/Water (80/20 V/V) solvent at 40 °C and room temperature with two separate methods. The antioxidant and antibacterial properties of the obtained extract and the extract-loaded liposomal formulations were investigated. In order to understand the antioxidant capacity of extracts and extract-loaded liposomal formulations, their total phenolic content was investigated by Folin Ciocioultiou method and antioxidant activity was investigated by DPPH radical scavenging activity. According to the results of the total phenolic content determination with the Folin Ciocioultiou method, at a concentration of 100 µg/mL; TPC of Marmara extract was calculated as 5.306 mg GAE/g, while TPC of Aegean extract was found as 7.5 mg GAE/g. The EC50 values of Marmara and Aegean extracts were calculated as 429.21 µg/mL and 834.29 µg/mL, respectively. These values are approximately 30 to 60 times higher than the standard antioxidant ascorbic acid. For the antibacterial effect of U. lactuca extract, firstly, disk diffusion test was performed. Then, their antibacterial activities were evaluated with Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBK) tests. In the disk diffusion test, inhibition zone were 8 mm was determined for each sample, while the liposomal formulations of U. lactuca Marmara and Aegean extracts were determined as 1250 µg/mL against E.coli ATCC 25922 in the MIC test. Both samples were found to be less effective against S. aureus ATCC 25923 and had MIC values of 2500 µg/mL. In the MIC test, it was found that the antibacterial effect of the extract-loaded liposomes was higher than the extracts. It was concluded that MBK values could be reached at higher concentrations than MIC values.
Ulva lactuca (Ulvophyceae; Ulvaceae), also known as sea lettuce, is a green macroalgae species that grows in rocky and shallow waters and spreads widely around the world. U. lactuca contains bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, saponins and anthraquinones and is known to have many positive effects on health, including antioxidant and antimicrobial effects. On the other hand, liposomes have biocompatible, non-toxic and biodegradable properties. Liposomes are used in the pharmaceutical, food, chemistry and cosmetic industries. Although it has different composition and physical properties according to the application area, there are many different preparation methods. Because of their amphipathic nature, liposomes can encapsulate both hydrophobic and hydrophilic compounds. Depending on a particular release profile, controlled release can be made. Liposomes, which have the ability to be modified with target-specific ligands, increase the integration with the target region. In addition, it protects the therapeutic agent from the metabolism system in the body, thus increasing the effectiveness of the therapeutic agent. In this thesis study, algae materials of U. lactuca collected from Marmara (Bursa) and Aegean (İzmir) seas were extracted at Bursa Technical University and Ege University. Extraction was carried out with Ethanol/Water (80/20 V/V) solvent at 40 °C and room temperature with two separate methods. The antioxidant and antibacterial properties of the obtained extract and the extract-loaded liposomal formulations were investigated. In order to understand the antioxidant capacity of extracts and extract-loaded liposomal formulations, their total phenolic content was investigated by Folin Ciocioultiou method and antioxidant activity was investigated by DPPH radical scavenging activity. According to the results of the total phenolic content determination with the Folin Ciocioultiou method, at a concentration of 100 µg/mL; TPC of Marmara extract was calculated as 5.306 mg GAE/g, while TPC of Aegean extract was found as 7.5 mg GAE/g. The EC50 values of Marmara and Aegean extracts were calculated as 429.21 µg/mL and 834.29 µg/mL, respectively. These values are approximately 30 to 60 times higher than the standard antioxidant ascorbic acid. For the antibacterial effect of U. lactuca extract, firstly, disk diffusion test was performed. Then, their antibacterial activities were evaluated with Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBK) tests. In the disk diffusion test, inhibition zone were 8 mm was determined for each sample, while the liposomal formulations of U. lactuca Marmara and Aegean extracts were determined as 1250 µg/mL against E.coli ATCC 25922 in the MIC test. Both samples were found to be less effective against S. aureus ATCC 25923 and had MIC values of 2500 µg/mL. In the MIC test, it was found that the antibacterial effect of the extract-loaded liposomes was higher than the extracts. It was concluded that MBK values could be reached at higher concentrations than MIC values.
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Biyoteknoloji, Biotechnology
