Derin ötektik çözeltilerin polimer karışım filmlerde plastikleştirici olarak kullanım olanaklarının araştırılması
Küçük Resim Yok
Tarih
2023
Yazarlar
Dergi Başlığı
Dergi ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayıncı
Bursa Teknik Üniversitesi, Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/embargoedAccess
Özet
Yeşil çözeltilerden biri olan derin ötektik çözeltiler (DÖÇ'ler), bir ötektik karışım oluşturmak üzere birbirleriyle bağlanabilen ve erime noktasından daha düşük bir nihai erime noktasına sahip olan iki bileşenin karışımlarıdır ve yeşil kimyanın beklentilerine yanıt niteliğinde özelliklere sahiptir. Derin ötektik çözeltiler, çeşitli uygulamalar için büyük potansiyeller içeren yeni nesil solventler olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır. Yanıcı organik çözeltilere umut verici alternatifler olarak son yıllarda oldukça dikkat çekmektedirler. Esnek gıda ambalajı olarak kullanılan polietilen, polipropilen, polivinil klorür ve polietilen tereftalat gibi başlıca petrol türevi sentetik plastiklerde yoğun bir şekilde fitalat ve adipat gibi toksik etkileri bulunan plastikleştiriciler kullanılmaktadır. Düşük moleküler ağırlıklı plastikleştiricilerin insanlar ve çevre üzerindeki etkisiyle ilgili sorunlar, diğer plastikleştirici gruplarının uygulamasını genişletmek ve yenilikçi alternatifler aramak için endüstri üzerinde baskı oluşturmuştur. İnsan ve çevre sağlığı üzerine olumsuz birçok etkisi bulunan bu maddeler yerine toksik etkisi bulunmayan ancak benzer teknik özelliklere sahip derin ötektik çözeltilerin kullanımı önem arz etmektedir. Bu çalışma ile esnek gıda ambalajı olarak kullanım alanı bulan karışım polimer granüllere plastikleştirici olarak DÖÇ ilavesinin kullanım olanakları araştırılmıştır. Hidrofilik ve hidrofobik karakterde dört farklı hidrojen bağı donörü (Laktik asit, hekzanoik asit, pantoneik asit ve üre) ve hidrojen bağı alıcısı olarak kolin klorür kullanılarak 1:1 ve 1:2 molar oran ve %5-10-20 konsantrasyonlarda DÖÇ karışımları hazırlanmış, çift vidalı ekstrüderde granüllere eklenmiş ve esnek filmler elde edilmiştir. DÖÇ'lerin karakterizasyon analizleri yapılmış ve filmlerden alınan kesitlerin mekanik, bariyer ve suya karşı davranış özellikleri ile birlikte FTIR ve DSC analizleri uygulanarak kullanım olanakları incelenmiştir. Toplam migrasyon analiziyle de filmlerin yasal zorunluluklara uygunluğu değerlendirilmiştir. Deneme desenine göre üretilen 28 farklı film içerisinden en uygun filmlerin belirlenmesi amacıyla Çok Kriterli Karar Verme (TOPSIS) yöntemi kullanılmıştır. DÖÇ'lerin viskoziteleri 18,7-202,9 mPa.s, yoğunlukları 0,95-1,18 g/ml, pH'ları 0,05-8,9 ve uçuculukları %0,8-18,9 arasında bulunmuştur. DÖÇ katkılı ve katkısız olarak üretilen filmlerin kalınlık değerleri 0,12-0,22 mm, kopma kuvveti 12,18-19,22 MPa, kopma uzaması %281,3-656,5, patlama kuvveti 13,19-25,86 N, patlama uzaması 3,51-5,76 mm, su buharı geçirgenliği 0,001-1,9 g/m².h, nem %0,00-1,88, su tutma kapasitesi %1,02-4,22, suda çözünürlük %0,00-1,86, ısıl yapışma 1,69-6,52 N, toplam migrasyon LOD-27 mg/dm² aralıklarında elde edilmiştir. Mekanik özellikler bakımından kopma kuvveti, kopma uzaması, patlama kuvveti ve patlama uzaması değerlerinde iyileşmeler gözlenmiştir. Bariyer özelliklerinde de istatistiksel olarak beklenen sonuçlar elde edilmiştir. Migrasyon analizlerinin yasal limitler arasında bulunması da DÖÇ'lerin güvenilir katkılar olduğunu göstermektedir. Sonuç olarak, öngörüldüğü gibi derin ötektik çözeltilerin polimerin özelliklerinde iyileştirmeler sağladığı gözlenmiştir.
Deep eutectic solutions (DES), one of the green solutions, are mixtures of two components that can bond with each other to form an eutectic mixture and have a final melting point lower than the melting point, and have properties that respond to the expectations of green chemistry. Deep eutectic solutions are emerging as a new generation of solvents with great potential for a variety of applications. In recent years, they have received considerable attention as promising alternatives to flammable organic solutions. Plasticizers with toxic effects such as phthalate and adipate are used extensively in the main petroleum-derived synthetic plastics such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride and polyethylene terephthalate, which are used as flexible food packaging. Problems with the impact of low molecular weight plasticizers on humans and the environment have put pressure on the industry to expand the application of other groups of plasticizers and to seek innovative alternatives. It is important to use deep eutectic solutions, which do not have toxic effects but have similar technical properties, instead of these substances, which have many negative effects on human and environmental health. In this study, the usage possibilities of the addition of DES as a plasticizer to the mixed polymer granules, which are used as flexible food packaging, were investigated. By using four different hydrogen bond donors (lactic acid, hexanoic acid, pantoneic acid and urea) with hydrophilic and hydrophobic character and choline chloride as the hydrogen bond acceptor, mixtures of DES were prepared in 1:1 and 1:2 molar ratios and 5-10-20% concentrations, It was added to the granules in a twin screw extruder and flexible films were obtained. The characterization analyzes of the DES were made and the mechanical, barrier and water behavior properties of the sections taken from the films as well as the possibilities of use were examined by applying FTIR and DSC analyzes. Compliance of the films with legal obligations was evaluated by total migration analysis. Multi-Criteria Decision Making (TOPSIS) method was used to determine the most suitable films among 28 different films produced according to the trial design. Viscosities of DES's were found to be 18.7-202.9 mPa.s, densities of 0.95-1.18 g/ml, pH values of 0.05-8.9 and volatility between 0.8-18.9%. The thickness values of the films produced with or without DES additives are 0.12-0.22 mm, breaking force 12.18-19.22 MPa, elongation at break 281.3-656.5%, bursting force 13.19-25.86 N , burst elongation 3.51-5.76 mm, water vapor permeability 0.001-1.9 g/m².h, humidity 0.00-1.88%, water holding capacity 1.02%-4.22%, water solubility 0.00-1.86%, heat seal 1.69-6.52 N, total migration LOD-27 mg/dm². In terms of mechanical properties, improvements in breaking force, elongation at break, bursting force and burst elongation were observed. Statistically expected results were also obtained for barrier properties. The fact that migration analyzes are within the legal limits also shows that DES's are reliable additives. As a result, it has been observed that deep eutectic solutions provide improvements in the properties of the polymer, as predicted.
Deep eutectic solutions (DES), one of the green solutions, are mixtures of two components that can bond with each other to form an eutectic mixture and have a final melting point lower than the melting point, and have properties that respond to the expectations of green chemistry. Deep eutectic solutions are emerging as a new generation of solvents with great potential for a variety of applications. In recent years, they have received considerable attention as promising alternatives to flammable organic solutions. Plasticizers with toxic effects such as phthalate and adipate are used extensively in the main petroleum-derived synthetic plastics such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride and polyethylene terephthalate, which are used as flexible food packaging. Problems with the impact of low molecular weight plasticizers on humans and the environment have put pressure on the industry to expand the application of other groups of plasticizers and to seek innovative alternatives. It is important to use deep eutectic solutions, which do not have toxic effects but have similar technical properties, instead of these substances, which have many negative effects on human and environmental health. In this study, the usage possibilities of the addition of DES as a plasticizer to the mixed polymer granules, which are used as flexible food packaging, were investigated. By using four different hydrogen bond donors (lactic acid, hexanoic acid, pantoneic acid and urea) with hydrophilic and hydrophobic character and choline chloride as the hydrogen bond acceptor, mixtures of DES were prepared in 1:1 and 1:2 molar ratios and 5-10-20% concentrations, It was added to the granules in a twin screw extruder and flexible films were obtained. The characterization analyzes of the DES were made and the mechanical, barrier and water behavior properties of the sections taken from the films as well as the possibilities of use were examined by applying FTIR and DSC analyzes. Compliance of the films with legal obligations was evaluated by total migration analysis. Multi-Criteria Decision Making (TOPSIS) method was used to determine the most suitable films among 28 different films produced according to the trial design. Viscosities of DES's were found to be 18.7-202.9 mPa.s, densities of 0.95-1.18 g/ml, pH values of 0.05-8.9 and volatility between 0.8-18.9%. The thickness values of the films produced with or without DES additives are 0.12-0.22 mm, breaking force 12.18-19.22 MPa, elongation at break 281.3-656.5%, bursting force 13.19-25.86 N , burst elongation 3.51-5.76 mm, water vapor permeability 0.001-1.9 g/m².h, humidity 0.00-1.88%, water holding capacity 1.02%-4.22%, water solubility 0.00-1.86%, heat seal 1.69-6.52 N, total migration LOD-27 mg/dm². In terms of mechanical properties, improvements in breaking force, elongation at break, bursting force and burst elongation were observed. Statistically expected results were also obtained for barrier properties. The fact that migration analyzes are within the legal limits also shows that DES's are reliable additives. As a result, it has been observed that deep eutectic solutions provide improvements in the properties of the polymer, as predicted.
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Gıda Mühendisliği, Food Engineering, Gıda ambalajı, Food packaging
