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    A mixed integer linear programming model for long-term planning of municipal solid waste management systems: Against restricted mass balances
    (Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2020) Batur, Maliki Ejder; Cihan, Ahmet; Korucu, Mahmut Kemal; Bektas, Nihal; Keskinler, Bulent
    Long-term planning of municipal solid waste management systems is a complex decision making problem which includes a large number of decision layers. Since all different waste treatment and disposal processes will show different responses to each municipal solid waste component, it is necessary to separately evaluate all waste components for all processes. This obligation creates an obstacle in the programming of mass balances for long-term planning of municipal solid waste management systems. The development of an ideal mixed integer linear programming model that can simultaneously respond to all essential decision layers including waste collection, process selection, waste allocation, transportation, location selection, and capacity assessment has not been made possible yet due to this important modeling obstacle. According to the current knowledge of the literature, all mixed integer linear programming studies aiming to address this obstacle so far have had to restrict many different possibilities in their mass balances. In this study, a novel mixed integer linear programming model was formulated. ALOMWASTE, the new model structure developed in this study, was built to take into consideration different process, capacity, and location possibilities that may occur in complex waste management processes at the same time. The results obtained from a case study showed the feasibility of new mixed integer linear programming model obtained in this study for the simultaneous solution of all essential decision layers in an unrestricted mass balance. The model is also able to provide significant convenience for the multi-objective optimization of financial-environmental-social costs and the solution of some uncertainty problems of decision-making tools such as life cycle assessment. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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    A Nonlinear Programming Model for Long-Term Planning of Municipal Solid Waste Management Systems: The Desire for Global Optima
    (Springer, 2024) Kucukoglu, Ilker; Korucu, Mahmut Kemal
    Long-term planning of municipal solid waste management systems (LPMSWMS) is a multi-layered problem that seeks answers to different decisions (i.e., method selection for the collection, transfer, treatment, and disposal of wastes, technology selection for the methods, capacity selection for the technologies, location selection for the processes, and allocation of the waste masses between locations). Since each of these decision layers has a dynamic impact on the others, all decision layers must be evaluated simultaneously in order to achieve the most accurate and effective results for the LPMSWMS. On the other hand, it is difficult to develop a mathematical model that can evaluate all decision layers simultaneously due to the complexity of the problem. Hence, almost all existing cost optimization models proposed for the LPMSWMS use a multi-step approach for the decision layers that restricts the mass balance of the waste by assuming all layers are independent from each other. However, such approaches may lead to giving up on the global optimality for the models. In this context, this study introduces a new mixed-integer nonlinear programming model for the LPMSWMS that provides an integrated mass balance for the waste streams. Regarding the current technological condition of municipal solid waste management systems, the proposed model provides integrated decisions for the LPMSWMS considering the location, technology, capacity, and waste flow plans. The proposed optimization model was tested at various spatial and temporal scales for the Bursa province of T & uuml;rkiye. The optimal results obtained for the model clearly show that this new model may be the first nonlinear mathematical model capable of overcoming the above-mentioned mathematical challanges. This new model has the potential to be easily used for any region of the world and to give decision-makers the most appropriate system option for all decision layers simultaneously, as long as the site-specific waste management parameters required by the model are correctly configured.
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    A two-stage optimization approach for big-scale problems in long-term planning of municipal solid waste management systems
    (Springer, 2025) Korucu, Mahmut Kemal; Kucukoglu, Ilker
    Most optimization models developed to solve the long-term planning of municipal solid waste management system (LPMSWMS) problems have some disadvantages, such as the inability to model the problem realistically and the failure of the final decisions to provide global optima due to various mathematical limitations. This study presents an optimization approach for realistically modeling and solving the LPMSWMS problems. This new approach takes into account a non-linear mathematical formulation for the LPMSWMS and solves the model into two main stages. In the first stage, the linear relaxation of the model is used, while the non-linear model formulation is used in the second stage to obtain a more realistic solution for the LPMSWMS. According to the findings, the new optimization approach obtained results for small model volumes in longer times than the reference non-linear model structure. On the other hand, the new approach makes it possible to obtain global optima by producing exact solutions at large model volumes, while the reference non-linear model structure cannot produce any solution. This advantage of the new approach for large model volumes can significantly benefit decision-makers in solving big-scale problems that are likely to be encountered in the real world by giving global optima.
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    An environmental risk assessment for a DDX-contaminated agricultural area in Turkey: soil vs. plant or human vs. animal
    (Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2021) Korucu, Mahmut Kemal; Elibol P.S.; İşleyen, Mehmet
    This study is the first research attempt to assess the environmental risks of an agricultural area contaminated with the p,p′-DDT and its metabolites (DDX) on human and terrestrial species through exposure to soil and agricultural products, simultaneously. The study was carried out for a DDX-contaminated agricultural area in Turkey. Soil samples obtained in two different harvest applications were analyzed in terms of DDX levels. Similarly, stem, leaf, and fruit samples of an agricultural product grown on the same soils were analyzed. Using the results of these analyses, DDX intake values were calculated for 5 different human receptor groups, 4 different bird species, and 4 different mammal species, and the risk values were calculated by using a stochastic approach based on a Monte Carlo simulation. Findings indicated a substantial level of carcinogenic risk in the human receptor groups. Furthermore, a significant risk of reproductive toxicity was determined for the birds and mammals. The findings prominently showed that these risks can develop not only through exposure to DDX-contaminated soils but also through the consumption of plants grown on these soils.
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    Correction to: An environmental risk assessment for a DDX-contaminated agricultural area in Turkey: soil vs. plant or human vs. animal (Environmental Science and Pollution Research, (2021), 28, 36, (50127-50140), 10.1007/s11356-021-14154-4)
    (2021) Korucu, Mahmut Kemal; Elibol P.S.; İşleyen, Mehmet
    A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14449-6. © 2021, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.
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    Inventory development for perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) in Turkey: challenges to control chemicals in articles and products
    (Springer Heidelberg, 2015) Korucu, Mahmut Kemal; Gedik, Kadir; Weber, Roland; Karademir, Aykan; Kurt Karakuş, Perihan Binnur
    Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and related substances have been listed as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the Stockholm Convention. Countries which have ratified the Convention need to take appropriate actions to control PFOS use and release. This study compiles and enhances the findings of the first inventory of PFOS and related substances use in Turkey conducted within the frame of the Stockholm Convention National Implementation Plan (NIP) update. The specific Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System (Harmonized System (HS)) codes of imported and exported goods that possibly contain PFOS and 165 of Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) numbers of PFOS-related substances were assessed for acquiring information from customs and other authorities. However, with the current approaches available, no useful information could be compiled since HS codes are not specific enough and CAS numbers are not used by customs. Furthermore, the cut-off volume in chemical databases in Turkey and the reporting limit in the HS system (0.1 %) are too high for controlling PFOS. The attempt of modeling imported volumes by a Monte Carlo simulation did not also result in a satisfactory estimate, giving an upper-bound estimate above the global production volumes. The replies to questionnaires were not satisfactory, highlighting that an elaborated approach is needed in the communication with potentially PFOS-using stakeholders. The experience of the challenges of gathering information on PFOS in articles and products revealed the gaps of controlling highly hazardous substances in products and articles and the need of improvements.