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    Assessment of groundwater contamination risk with scenario analysis of hazard quantification for a karst aquifer in Antalya, Turkey
    (Springer, 2020) Cil, A.; Muhammetoglu, A.; Ozyurt, N. N.; Yenilmez, F.; Keyikoğlu, Ramazan; Amil, A.
    Karst aquifers usually have high vulnerability to groundwater pollution. This study aims to assess the risk of groundwater contamination in karst aquifers by two index overlay methods of intrinsic vulnerability (COP and PI) and to discuss the importance of hazard index values on risk assessment. Altinova region of Antalya, with intensive agricultural activities, was chosen as the pilot study area (PSA) for application. Seasonal monitoring studies were conducted at 25 sampling wells for many water quality parameters in addition to soil characteristics and depth to groundwater. The areas for low, moderate and high levels of vulnerability and risk were determined, where more than 90% of the PSA was classified as having moderate to very high vulnerability levels according to COP and PI methods. For validation of risk analysis results, nitrate concentrations were correlated with risk intensity values. Both methods were successful to assess the vulnerability and risk to groundwater pollution with high correlation. In addition, the impacts of hazard index values on groundwater pollution risk were investigated for two scenario conditions which represent the increase in the relative amount of pollutants caused by the greenhouses. As a result, the karstic part of the PSA was assessed to have a high risk of groundwater contamination by the COP method, where immediate control measures are necessary. In conclusion, the selection of suitable vulnerability methods for karst aquifers and assignment of realistic hazard index values are highly effective on risk analysis results to represent the actual conditions.
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    Integrated management of pesticides in an intensive agricultural area: a case study in Altinova, Turkey
    (Springer, 2019) Muhammetoglu, A.; Keyikoğlu, Ramazan; Cil, A.; Muhammetoglu, H.
    Pesticide contamination of groundwater is a common critical problem faced by many countries due to excessive and unconscious applications. As a result of increasing concerns about pesticides, several qualitative and quantitative risk assessment models/indicators were developed and applied. In this study, a practical approach was presented for the protection of groundwater from pesticide contamination. The first phase is the assessment of the specific vulnerability of groundwater to pesticide contamination using the DRASTIC-Pesticide model. The second phase is the monitoring and assessment of groundwater quality to verify vulnerability assessment. The third phase is to assess the impacts of pesticides on the environment and human health using a commonly applied pesticide risk indicator, the environmental impact quotient (EIQ). The pilot study area (PSA) is the Altinova region at Antalya city of Turkey which exhibits intensive agricultural activities and covers an approximate surface area of 75 km(2). A total of 25 groundwater wells were chosen for monitoring of groundwater quality where four sessions of seasonal field measurements were conducted for 1 year. Two sessions of water quality analyses were also performed for many physical, bacteriological, and chemical parameters, including pesticides. Additionally, soil samples were analyzed, site surveys were conducted, and other relevant information (topographical, geological and meteorological characteristics, pesticide use and toxicological data sets, etc.) was gathered. The PSA was determined to have high vulnerability to contamination of groundwater, and it was verified through monitoring results. The commonly used pesticides in the PSA were ranked according to their risks to select pesticides with the least environmental impacts.